Effects of ADRB2 gene regulatory region polymorphism on the efficacy of SABA in the treatment of acute asthma attack in children / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of ADRB2 gene regulatory region polymorphism on the efficacy of short-acting beta 2 receptor agonists （SABA） in the treatment of acute asthma attack in children. METHODS A total of 127 children with acute mild to moderate bronchial asthma who received SABA treatment for 7 days in the General Hospital of Northern Theater Command from October 2016 to October 2020 were selected to detect their genotype distribution and compare the improvement of pulmonary functional indicators and curative effect among different genotypes. The effect of the high-order interaction of gene polymorphism on therapeutic effect was investigated. RESULTS Among 127 children， there were 80， 44 and 3 cases of TT， TA and AA types at locus rs2895795， 93， 32 and 2 cases of CC， CG and GG types at locus rs11168070， and 41， 64 and 22 cases of GG， GA and AA types at locus rs12654778， respectively， in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium （P＞0.05）. After treatment， the improvement rate of the peak expiratory flow in percent predicted value （PEF%pred） and the improvement rate of the forced expiratory flow at 75% vital capacity in percent predicted value （FEF75%pred） in children with TA type were significantly lower than that of TT type at locus rs2895795 （P＜0.05）； the improvement rates of PEF%pred and FEF75%pred in children with CG type were significantly lower than that of CC type at locus rs11168070 （P＜0.05）； the improvement rates of PEF%pred in children with GA and AA type were significantly lower than that of GG type at locus rs12654778 （P＜0.05）. The differences in fractional exhaled nitric oxide before and after treatment were not statistically significant among different genotypes at each locus （P＞0.05）. The proportion of remarkable improvement of children with TT type at locus rs2895795 was 2.358 times that of children with TA+ AA type （P＜0.05）， and there was no significant effect of higher-order interaction of ADRB2 polymorphism on the efficacy in children with asthma （P＞0.05）. CONCLUSIONS Polymorphisms in the regulatory region of the ADRB2 gene in children with bronchial asthma are associated with the efficacy of SABA in the treatment of acute asthma attack in children. At locus rs2895795， rs11168070 and rs12654778， the improvement of lung function of children with wild-type is more obvious， and the efficacy of SABA treatment on children with TT type is better at locus rs2895795.

Asthma Attacks in Children—Challenges and Opportunities

Asthma is the most common chronic disease of childhood worldwide, and is responsible for signifcant morbidity and mortality in children and young people (CYP). Given the inherent dangers of a child experiencing even a single asthma attack, it is essential to identify and manage modifable risk factors at every clinical opportunity. Following an attack, there is an opportunity to prevent future attacks by assessing compliance and optimizing asthma control. Careful questioning will allow physicians to identify asthma triggers, barriers to good asthma control, and health beliefs or socioeconomic obstacles that may have contributed to this attack. The vast majority of children with asthma can achieve good symptom control with appropriate use of low-dose inhaled corticosteroids.

Sinicization of the Pediatric Respiratory Assessment Measure and test its reliability and validity / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To translate the Pediatric Respiratory Assessment Measure into Chinese, and to test its reliability and validity.Methods:According to the Brislin translation model, the English version of Pediatric Respiratory Assessment Measure was translated into Chinese, and then was back-translated and modified for cultural adaptation. From June 2019 to December 2020, convenience sampling method was used to evaluate the severity of 50 children with acute attack of bronchial asthma aged 2-14 years in the Affiliated Huaian No.1 People′s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, in order to evaluate its reliability and validity.Results:The Cronbach α of the Chinese version of Pediatric Respiratory Assessment Measure was 0.838, the inter-rater reliability was 0.984; the average scale-content validity index was 0.97. One common factor was extracted, the cumulative variance contribution rate of superior sternal fossa depression was 61.83%. The criterion related validity between the evaluation results of doctors, nurses, respiratory therapists and the grading standard of bronchial asthma severity in the " Guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of bronchial asthma in children ( 2016 edition)" were 0.903, 0.884 and 0.889, the ROC curve of the scale was 0.867 (95% CI 0.754-0.980). Conclusions:The Chinese version of Pediatric Respiratory Assessment Measure has good reliability and validity, which can be used to evaluate the severity of acute attack of bronchial asthma in children aged 2-14 in China, and provide a basis for further diagnosis and treatment.

Guia Prático de Atualização no tratamento da exacerbação de asma na criança e no adolescente ­ Posicionamento conjunto da Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunologia e Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria / Practical Update Guide on the treatment of asthma exacerbation in children and adolescents ­ Joint position of the Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunology and the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics

Exacerbação aguda de asma é uma condição frequente na criança e no adolescente e uma das causas mais comuns de procura aos pronto atendimentos e de internações. Pode ocorrer em pacientes que ainda não foram diagnosticados como asmáticos, e mesmo naqueles cujo controle da doença não se encontre adequado. Reconhecer a exacerbação e iniciar seu tratamento desde o domicílio até o adequado manejo inicial em ambiente hospitalar é fundamental para evitar sua evolução para complicações que coloquem o paciente em risco de vida. O tratamento compreende o reconhecimento e tratamento da hipoxemia, da obstrução e do processo inflamatório, além de fornecer orientações na alta hospitalar e encaminhamentos para continuidade do tratamento.

Acute exacerbation of asthma is a frequent condition in children and adolescents and one of the most common causes of seeking emergency care and hospitalization. It can occur in patients who have not yet been diagnosed with asthma, and even in those whose disease control is not adequate. Recognizing the exacerbation and starting its treatment from home until proper initial management in a hospital environment is essential to avoid its evolution to complications that put the patient at risk of life. Treatment comprises the recognition and treatment of hypoxemia, obstruction, and the inflammatory process, in addition to providing guidance at hospital discharge and referrals for continued treatment.

The therapeutic effect of budesonide on childhood asthma and its influence on growth and development 1 to 2 years after the treatment / 药学实践杂志

Objective To explore the effect of budesonide suspension for inhalation in the treatment of childhood asthma and its influence on growth and development in 1-2 years. Methods The 68 children with asthma admitted to our hospital from October 2016 to January 2017 were selected. Every patient had acute attacks and received continued medication. 34 patients treated with salbutamol sulfate inhaled aerosol were used as the control group. 34 patients treated with budesonide suspension combined with salbutamol sulfate aerosol were classified as the observation group. The interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), high-sensitivity-C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), maximum respiratory flow, IS maximum expiratory volume, regulatory B cell ratio, wheezing disappearance time, shortness of breath relief time, wet rales disappearing time, cough disappearing time, and the two year follow-up indicators of growth and development were compared. Results After medication, IL-6, TNF-α, hs-CRP, regulatory B cell ratio, wheezing disappearance time, shortness of breath relief time, moist rales disappearance time, and cough disappearance time were lower in the observation group(P<0.05). The maximum respiratory flow and IS maximum expiratory volume in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The GH level, height, and weight obtained from two year follow up in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Budesonide suspension combined with salbutamol sulfate aerosol inhalation therapy can alleviate the inflammatory reaction, improve the lung function and immune function of children, and accelerate the disappearance of clinical symptoms, but it will affect the growth and development of children to a certain extent.

Role of peak expiratory flow rate and chest radiography in children above 5 years of age with acute asthma

Background: Asthma is a heterogeneous disease characterized by cough, wheeze and shortness of breath that vary in intensity and time with variable expiratory airflow limitation, associated with chronic airway inflammation. Aim of the study was to assess the usefulness of Peak Expiratory Flow Rate [PEFR] and oxygen saturation in determining severity of acute asthma, to measure objective change in PEFR and oxygen saturation following bronchodilator therapy and the role of chest X-rays in acute asthma.Methods: A prospective study of 50 children above 5 years with acute asthma who presented to the emergency department in a tertiary care hospital were included. PEFR and oxygen saturation before and after bronchodilator therapy was measured. Indication for chest X-rays, its clinical correlation and change in standard treatment of acute asthma based on X-ray reports was noted.Results: The mean PEFR and PEFR % of expected was lower in severe asthma when compared to moderate asthma and was statistically significant (p<0.001). The % of expected PEFR before salbutamol therapy was 48.78'14.36, which improved significantly to 67.13'14.22 after treatment (p<0.001). Oxygen saturation before and after salbutamol therapy was 94.96 ' 4.11 and 96.96'2.87 respectively with the change being significant (p value <0.001). Chest X-rays were performed in 12 (24%) children as per standard guidelines, of which 1(9%) was abnormal showing right basal consolidation. Chest X-ray correlated with clinical findings in 1 child and the findings on chest X-ray altered the ongoing treatment by addition of antibiotic.Conclusions: PEFR and oxygen saturation is useful in the emergency department to objectively assess the severity of acute asthma and the response to initial bronchodilator therapy. Chest X-rays are not routinely indicated in the standard treatment of acute asthma.

Oxigenoterapia por cánula nasal de alto flujo en pacientes con crisis asmática en un departamento de emergencia pediátrica / High flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy in patients with asthmatic crisis in the pediatric emergency department

INTRODUCCIÓN: Pocos estudios son concluyentes sobre la utilidad de la Oxigenoterapia por Cánula Nasal de Alto Flujo (CNAF) en pacientes con crisis asmática. OBJETIVO: Determinar la eficacia de la CNAF en niños mayores de 2 años con crisis asmática severa y moderada que no responde al tratamiento inicial. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Ensayo clínico randomizado controlado abierto de pacientes con exacerbación asmática en un Departamento de Emergencia Pediátrica. Se excluyó crisis mediadas por infecciones y comorbilidad. Los pacientes fueron aleatorizados: Grupo 1 CNAF (n: 32) y Grupo 2 Oxigenoterapia Convencional (n: 33). Ambos grupos recibieron el tratamiento farmacológico habitual. El primer punto de corte fue el descenso del PIS en más de 2 puntos a las 2 horas del tratamiento; los puntos secundarios: descenso del PIS a las 6 horas, tiempo de permanencia en la emergencia e ingreso a UCIP. RESULTADOS: Las características basales fueron similares en ambos grupos. La proporción de sujetos con disminución de más de dos puntos en el PIS a las 2 horas de tratamiento Grupo 1: 43,7% IC 95% (28-60) vs Grupo 2: 48,4%; IC 95% (32-64) p 0,447. La estadía media fue 24,8 ± 12,3 horas en el Grupo1 vs 24 ± 14,8 horas en el Grupo2; IC 95% (7,56-5,96) p 0,37. No encontramos diferencias del score y puntaje del esfuerzo respiratorio en mediciones cada 2 horas. Ningún paciente ingresó a cuidados intensivos. CONCLUSIONES: La incorporación de la CNAF al tratamiento de pacientes con crisis asmática no presentó beneficios clínicos ni disminuyó el tiempo de estadía en el DEP.

INTRODUCTION: There are few conclusive studies on the usefulness of High-Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC) Oxygen Therapy in patients with asthmatic crises. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of HFNC in chil dren older than 2 years of age that present severe and moderate asthmatic crises that do not respond to initial treatment. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Open controlled randomized clinical trial of patients with asthma exacerbation in the Pediatric Emergency Department. Infection- and comorbidity-media ted crises were excluded. Subjects were randomized as follows: Group 1 HFNC (n:32) and Group 2 Conventional Oxygen Therapy (n:33). Both groups received the usual pharmacological treatment. The first cut-off point was the decrease of more than 2 points of the PIS after 2 hours of treatment; secondary points were PIS decrease at 6 hours, stay time in the Emergency Room, and PICU admis sion. RESULTS: The patient's baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. The proportion of subjects with more than two points decrease in the PIS after two hours of treatment in Group 1 was 43.7% CI 95% (28-60) vs. Group 2 48.4%; CI 95% (32-64) p 0.447. The mean stay time was 24.8 ± 12.3 hours in Group 1 vs. 24 ± 14.8 hours in Group 2; CI 95% (7.56-5.96) p 0.37. We did not find differences in the respiratory effort score measurements every 2 hours. No patients were admitted to intensive care. CONCLUSIONS: The incorporation of HFNC oxygen therapy in the treatment of patients with asthmatic crises in the Pediatric Emergency Department did not show clinical benefits nor did it diminish the stay time.

Impacto de la implementación de un algoritmo en el tratamiento de niños hospitalizados por asma agudo / Impact of the implementation of an algorithm in the treatment of children hospitalized by acute asthma

Patients hospitalized for acute asthma treated with a pre-established algorithm could decrease hospital stay and critical bed (PICU) requirement. The objective of this article was to implement and evaluate the impact of a pre-established algorithm to treat children hospitalized for acute asthma. It is a cross-sectional and comparative study, with a prospective sample for convenience, of asthmatic children between 5 and 15 years admitted during 2017 without response to the first line of treatment in the emergency department. Patients with cardiorespiratory comorbidities and with direct admission to PICU were excluded. An algorithm was applied for 2 hours and its effectiveness was evaluated by a clinical score (PAS: English Pediatric Asthma Score). 55 patients were admitted, mean age 8.02 years, 41.8% female. The PAS decreased from 8 to 5 points at the end of the algorithm (p <0.001). When comparing the results obtained with the group treated the previous year, without algorithm application in 51 patients with similar demographic characteristics, a shorter hospitalization was observed (0.6 days versus 0.95 days (p <0.0368)). The algorithm in acute asthma unified treatment criteria and times in its application. A rapid decrease in clinical score and a shorter hospital stay were observed.

Los pacientes hospitalizados por asma agudo tratados con un algoritmo preestablecido, podrían disminuir la estancia hospitalaria y requerimiento de cama crítica (UCIP). El objetivo de este trabajo fue el de implementar y evaluar el impacto de un algoritmo preestablecido para tratar a niños hospitalizados por asma aguda. Es un estudio transversal y comparativo, con una muestra prospectiva por conveniencia, de niños asmáticos entre 5 y 15 años ingresados durante el 2017 sin respuesta a la primera línea de tratamiento en el servicio de urgencia. Se excluyeron pacientes con comorbilidades cardiorespiratorias y con ingreso directo a UCIP. Se aplicó un algoritmo durante 2 horas evaluando su efectividad mediante puntaje clínico (PAS, por su sigla en inglés Pediatric Asthma Score). Ingresaron 55 pacientes, edad media 8,02 años, 41,8% sexo femenino. El PAS disminuyó de 8 a 5 puntos al finalizar algoritmo (p <0,001). Al comparar los resultados obtenidos con el grupo tratado el año anterior, sin aplicación de algoritmo en 51 pacientes con similares características demográficas, se observó una hospitalización más breve (0,6 días versus 0,95 días (p < 0,0368)). El algoritmo en asma aguda unificó criterios de tratamiento y los tiempos en su aplicación. Se observó una rápida disminución del puntaje clínico y menor estancia hospitalaria.

Factors affecting readmission for asthma exacerbation in children attending Alexandria university children-hospital

Background: The admission rate for bronchial asthma has increased dramatically all over the world. This increase in admission influences the children’s quality of life in addition to health care cost. Objective of the study was to identify the risk factors for readmission because of acute asthmatic attacks.Methods: Case control study applied on asthmatic children admitted because of acute asthma attacks attending emergency room, paediatric intensive care unit and inpatient wards of Alexandria university children's hospital, Alexandria, Egypt in the period from September 2016 to July 2017. The study group was subdivided into 2 groups; group (A) readmitted within one year from first admission and group (B) firstly admitted.Results: The mean age in group (A) and (B) was 9.09±3.98 and 8.65±4.01 respectively. Males were more than females in both groups, and no sex differentiation effects on readmission. The duration of the disease in readmitted group ranged from 1-8 years, it was a risk factor for acute asthma readmission. Viral infection, exercise and dust were risk factors for acute asthma exacerbation readmission. Disease severity was found to have a higher percentage of hospitalization; cases with severe and moderate bronchial asthma compared to mild cases. Readmitted patients had more sleep disturbance and lack of school attendance. Readmitted patients were less adherent to treatment.Conclusions: Duration of the disease, viral infections, common cold, dust and exercise are risk factors for acute asthma readmission. Severity of the disease and adherence to medications affect acute asthma readmission.

Prevalencia de la infección por Mycoplasma pneumoniae en pacientes pediátricos con exacerbación aguda del asma / Prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in pediatric patients with acute asthma exacerbation

Introducción. El Mycoplasma pneumoniae puede estar implicado en la exacerbación refractaria del asma, Objetivo. Establecer la prevalencia de la infección por Mycoplasma pneumoniae en pacientes con exacerbación aguda del asma. Material y método. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, transversal, observacional, caso-control, en pacientes mayores de 2 años y menores de 12. Se determinaron anticuerpos inmunoglobulina M (IgM) para M. pneumoniae por serología por técnica de ensayo por inmunoabsorción ligado a enzima (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ELISA en sus siglas en inglés), utilizando el kit NovaLisa® NovaTec. Se consideró prueba positiva a valores > 11 NTU (NovaTec unidades). El análisis estadístico fue análisis de la varianza (analysis of variance; ANOVA, por sus siglas en inglés) y chi cuadrado con un nivel de significancia de p < 0,05. Resultados. Se estudiaron 180 niños, 130 correspondieron al grupo de niños asmáticos y 50, al grupo control. La IgM específica fue positiva en 60 pacientes, que correspondió al 46,15% de niños asmáticos (p < 0,001). La gravedad de la exacerbación estuvo relacionada directamente con los niveles de IgM (p < 0,001). La tasa de hospitalización fue de 75%, asociada de forma significativa con los niveles de IgM específica (p < 0,001). Conclusión. Nuestros datos sugieren que en los niños con asma aguda, tienen alta prevalencia (46%) de infección por Mycoplasma pneumoniae y estrecha relación entre la exacerbación aguda grave del asma y la infección por Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Estos resultados podrían tener implicaciones terapéuticas orientadas hacia la utilización de antibióticos específicos contra este microorganismo atípico.

Introduction. Mycoplasma pneumoniae may be involved in refractory asthma exacerbation. Objective. To determine the prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in patients with acute asthma exacerbation. Material and method. A prospective, crosssectional, observational, case-control study was carried out in patients older than 2 years old and younger than 12. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies were serologically determined for M. pneumoniae, using the NovaLisa® NovaTec kit for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Test results ≥ 11 NTU (NovaTec units) were regarded as positive. The statistical analysis was performed by means of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the χ² test, with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results. One hundred and eighty children were studied, of which 130 had asthma and 50 comprised the control group. Specific IgM was positive for 60 patients, that is 46.15% of the asthmatic children (p < 0.001). The severity of the exacerbation was directly related to IgM levels (p < 0.001). Hospitalization rate was 75%, and it was significantly associated to specific IgM levels (p < 0.001). Conclusion. Our data suggest that children with acute asthma show a high prevalence (46%) of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and that there is a close relation between severe acute asthma exacerbation and the presence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. These findings might result in therapeutic implications centered in the use of specific antibiotics to fight this atypical organism.

Management of asthma in adults in primary care

@#Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airway which is often misdiagnosed and undertreated. Early diagnosis and vigilant asthma control are crucial to preventing permanent airway damage, improving quality of life and reducing healthcare burdens. The key approaches to asthma management should include patient empowerment through health education and selfmanagement and, an effective patient-healthcare provider partnership.

Estudio aleatorizado abierto de niños con exacerbación aguda del asma tratados con esteroides inhalados / Open randomized study of children with acute exacerbation of asthma and treated with inhaled steroids

Introducción: la terapia primaria en la crisis de asma aguda, incluye administración de oxígeno, uso de ß2-agonistas por vía inhalada y la administración de esteroides sistémicos. Las ventajas que se citan sobre el uso de los esteroides inhalados serían, su rápido inicio de acción y su buen perfil de seguridad, en contraposición a los esteroides sistémicos. Objetivo: evaluar la utilidad de los corticoides inhalados en el tratamiento de la crisis de asma aguda en niños mayores de 2 años. Métodos: se realizó un estudio prospectivo, transversal, experimental, aleatorizado, de eficacia clínica; la selección se realizó por medio de una tabla de números aleatorios, y se incluyeron tres grupos: el I recibió terapia estándar, el II la sustitución del esteroide sistémico por el inhalado y el III combinó a la terapia estándar el esteroide inhalado. El análisis estadístico se realizó por medio de ANOVA y chi cuadrado con una p< 0,05 como significativa. Resultados: se estudiaron 165 pacientes, los tres grupos de tratamiento mejoraron la escala de severidad inicial. Los pacientes que recibieron esteroides inhalados adicionados a la terapia estándar, tuvieron 73 por ciento de posibilidades de no ser hospitalizados, 27 por ciento de posibilidades de reducir el riesgo de hospitalizaciones y de cada 100 pacientes tratados con la combinación, se pudieran prevenir 8 hospitalizaciones(AU)

Crisis asmática grave asociada con infección viral / Severe asthmatic crisis related to viral infection

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: 50% de las crisis asmáticas son desencadenadas por infecciones virales, su relación con parámetros clínicos no se ha descrito en los adultos. OBJETIVO: determinar la prevalencia de crisis asmáticas de acuerdo con el espectro viral y su asociación con características clínicas y mecánica respiratoria. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: estudio clínico, prospectivo y observacional en el que se incluyeron pacientes con crisis asmática grave del 1 de diciembre de 2010 al 31 de diciembre de 2011. Se excluyeron los pacientes con sospecha de infección bacteriana. Se aplicó cuestionario de síntomas, se determinó panel viral por hisopado nasal, espirometría y estudios de laboratorio. Se obtuvo el consentimiento informado de los participantes. RESULTADOS: se incluyeron en el estudio 100 pacientes. La edad promedio fue de 39±14 años, IMC 27±4 kg/m2, escala de Borg 6.2±1.2, escala mMRC 2.6±0.6, tiempo de los síntomas 7±7 días, FEV1 de 42±14%, oximetría de pulso 88±3% y estancia de 4.5±1.7 días. El 47% de los pacientes tenía rinitis alérgica. Se aisló virus en 36% (rinovirus 15% y coronavirus 6%). Al comparar la causa viral vs no viral, se observó que los pacientes eran menores en el primer grupo (36±13 vs 43±17 años, p=0.014); no hubo diferencia entre grado de obstrucción y síntomas. A mayor severidad del asma hubo más aislamientos de virus. CONCLUSIÓN: las crisis asmáticas asociadas con virus respiratorios tienen comportamiento clínico similar al de las no asociadas. En los pacientes con menor edad y con comportamiento más grave se aíslan virus con más frecuencia.

Abstract BACKGROUND: 50% of asthma attacks are triggered by viral in fections; its relationship with clinical parameters has not been described in adults. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of asthma attacks according to viral spectrum and its association with clinical features and respiratory mechanics. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A clinical, prospective and observational study with patients with severe asthma attended from December 1st 2010 to December 31st 2011. We excluded patients with suspected bacterial infection. Symptom questionnaire was applied, it was determined by nasal swab viral panel, spirometry and laboratory studies. Informed consent was obtained. RESULTS: One hundred patients were included. Mean age was 39±14 years, BMI 27±4 kg/m2, Borg 6.2±1.2, mMRC 2.6±0.6, length of symptoms 7±7 days and FEV1 of 42±14%, pulse oximetry 88±3% and stay 4.5±1.7 days; 47% of patients had allergic rhinitis. Virus was isolated in 36% (15% rhinovirus and 6% coronavirus). Comparing the non-viral vs viral etiology, patients were younger (36±13 vs 43±17 years, p=0.014) there was no difference between the degree of obstruction and symptoms. A greater severity of asthma was related to more isolation. CONCLUSION: Asthma attacks associated with respiratory viruses have similar clinical behavior to not associated ones. In younger patients with more severe behavior virus are isolated more frequently.

Crisis de asma en pediatría / Asthma crisis in pediatrics

La crisis de asma es el conjunto de síntomas, signos físicos y de laboratorio que apuntan a un aumento de la resistencia al flujo aéreo y como consecuencia la obstrucción bronquial. Es una causa frecuente de consulta y muchas veces la forma como se hace evidente la enfermedad en los pacientes y sus padres. En esta revisión entregamos algunas recomendaciones de cómo reconocer y responder rápidamente a esta situación. Los objetivos primarios al enfrentar una crisis son corregir la hipoxemia, obtener la bronco dilatación y disminuir el riesgo de recaídas. Para lograrlos, debe reconocer rápidamente la hipoxemia y aportar oxígenos suplementario, demostrar la obstrucción de la vía aérea (por clínica y/o laboratorio) y tratarla con broncodilatadores de acción rápida y corticoides sistémicos y una vez manejada la crisis dejar indicaciones suficientes para evitar que esto vuelva a ocurrir.

The asthma crisis is a group of symptoms, with physical and laboratory signs that show an increase in resistance to airflow because of the bronchial obstruction. It is a frequent cause of consultation and It is an often way that the disease becomes evident in patients and their parents. In this review we give some recommendations on how to recognize and have a quickly response to this situation. The primary objectives in facing a crisis are correcting hypoxemia, obtain broncho dilatation and decrease the risk of relapse. In order to achieve this, you should promptly recognize hypoxemia, provide supplemental oxygen, demonstrate airway obstruction (by clinic and / or laboratory) and treat it with rapid-acting bronchodilators and systemic corticosteroids and once the crisis is handled, leave sufficient indications to avoid this to happen again

Observation on the effect of Liqidingchuan pill combined with Dexamethasone on the treatment of the patients with acute asthma / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of LiQiDingChuan pill combined with Dexamethasone on the treatment of patients with acute asthma.Methods 93 patients with acute asthma from July 2015 to September 2016 were randomly divided into the observation group(47 cases)and the control group(46 cases).The control group were received dexamethasone, and the observation group were given LiQiDingChuan pill combined with Dexamethasone.The main symptoms disappeared time, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, peak expiratory flow rate value, hs-CRP, TNF-α and clinical efficacy were recorded and analyzed.Results ①After treatment, wheezing cough, chest tightness and wheezing disappeared time were(4.71±0.59)d,(2.85±0.49)d,(4.93±0.70)d in the observation group, which were shorter than(7.76±1.02)d,(5.16±0.74)d,(8.67±1.12)d in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).② After treatment, FEV1 and PEF levels were(65.69±3.74)V/L,(218.92±16.09)L/s, which were better than(57.45±3.62)V/L,(176.34±15.14)L/s in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).③ After treatment, hs-CRP and TNF-α levels were(6.76±0.78)mg/L,(7.99±1.87)pg/mL, which were better than(6.76±0.78)mg/L,(7.99±1.87)pg/Ml in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).④The total effective rate in the observation group was 91.49%, which was significantly higher than 71.74% in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion Liqidingchuan pills combined with dexamethasone treatment has a good therapeutic effect on acute phase of asthma, which can reduce asthma related symptoms, reduce the inflammation level in the patients, optimize the forced expiratory volume in 1 second and peak expiratory flow rate.The combination is better than the single drug.

Factors Associated with Emergency Department Revisits and Hospitalization Following Discharged Acute Asthma Exarcerbation

The objectives were to identify factors associated with early revisit of adult patients with acute asthma exarcebation discharged from the Emergency Department (ED). It was a retrospective cohort study with patients aged 12 years or more within a period of 1 month and who were treated for acute asthma and discharged from the ED of Sarawak General Hospital. A total of 397 patients fulfilled sampling criteria and out of this number, 13.9% had revisit to the ED within 2 weeks. In all of these revisit cases, 9.1% were actually admitted. Prescription rate of oral corticosteroid was found to be low (24.9%) and abscond rate was high (25.1%). Patients who absconded from the ED and their concurrent infection were associated with early ED revisit.

Recomendaciones prácticas para el manejo de la crisis asmática en pacientes adultos / Practical Recommendations for the Management of Acute Asthma in Adult Patients

Las exacerbaciones de asma pueden ser graves y ponen en riesgo la vida de los pacientes. En estos casos es fundamental reconocer signos y síntomas de riesgo, incluyendo la medición de la obstrucción al flujo aéreo y la oximetría de pulso, con la finalidad de objetivar la gravedad de la crisis. La administración adecuada del tratamiento incluyendo broncodilatadores, corticoesteroides y oxigenoterapia permite revertir la obstrucción bronquial y preservar la vida del paciente. A pesar de estas premisas básicas en el manejo de la crisis asmática, en nuestro medio se ha detectado recurrentemente una atención defciente de estos eventos. El contar con recomendaciones de fácil implementación, adecuadas a las necesidades locales y desarrolladas por médicos especialistas en medicina respiratoria podría mejorar la calidad de atención de estos pacientes. Con este objetivo se realizó una revisión bibliográfica clasificando la información según el grado de evidencia. Los resultados fueron evaluados por un panel de expertos y se desarrolló un algoritmo de manejo del asma aguda. El algoritmo propone una evaluación inicial en base a signos de severidad, datos de medición del flujo aéreo (FEV1 y/o FPE) y oximetría de pulso que permitirán clasificar las exacerbaciones según su grado de severidad e indicar detalladamente los pasos terapéuticos a seguir en cada caso, como así también los criterios de internación y alta. El uso de estas recomendaciones permitirá una mejor distribución de recursos y optimización del tratamiento de los pacientes atendidos por exacerbaciones de asma.

Asthma exacerbations can be severe and life threatening. In order to assess in a correct and objective way the severity of the exacerbation, it is essential to recognize risk signs and symptoms, including the measurement of airflow obstruction and pulse oximetry. Proper treatment including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and oxygen can reverse bronchial obstruction and preserve patient's life. Despite these basic facts, inappropriate care in the management of acute asthma events is frequent in Argentina. Recommendations developed by specialists in respiratory medicine, which are easy to implement and adapted to local needs, could improve the quality of care of these patients. In order to accomplish these goals, an exhaustive review of the literature was conducted and the information was classified according to the degree of evidence. The results were evaluated by a panel of experts and an algorithm for the management of acute asthma was designed. This algorithm proposes an initial assessment based on asthma severity including measurement of airflow obstruction (FEV1 and/or PF) and pulse oximetry. Thus, it allows classifying exacerbations by degree of severity, leading to appropriate sequential therapeutic options as well as criteria for admission and discharge. The use of these recommendations is intended to allow a correct management of asthma exacerbations in Argentina and an optimized use of medical resources.

Comparative analysis of the efifcacy of albuterol sulfate aerosol inhalation and theophylline tablets with emergency treatment of senile asthma / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To investigate the clinical efifcacy of albuterol sulfate aerosol inhalation and theophylline tablets in emergency senile asthma. Method 112 cases of elderly patients with asthma in our hospital from October 2009 to October 2013 were selected and randomly divided into experimental group and control group. Patients in the control group were treated with albuterol sulfate inhalation aerosol therapy, the experimental group were treated with albuterol sulfate inhalation aerosol therapy and oral theophylline release tablets, the therapeutic effect between two groups were compared after treatment. Results After two months of treatment, asthma symptoms and lung function in both groups were improved , but the degree of improvement in experimental group were signiifcantly better than control group , the difference was signiifcant (P<0.05);the incidence of adverse reactions in experimental group was signiifcantly lower than control group (P<0.05). Conclusion The combination of albuterol sulfate aerosol inhalation and oral theophylline tablets treatment of acute asthma in the elderly better, is the drug of choice for clinical treatment , worthy of clinical application and promotion.

Meta-analysis of studies on inhaled corticosteroids and montelukast in children with asthma / 重庆医学

Objective To compare the effect of inhaled corticosteroids and montelukast in children with asthma .Methods Data were obtained from Pubmed ,Embase and Central databases ,CNKI and VIP .Only randomized controlled trials (RCT ) that evalua-ting inhaled corticosteroids and montelukast for children were included .The Cochrane collaboration risk bias tools was used to eval-uated the quality of literature .Results The patients with inhaled corticosteroids had a better effect in FEV 1% and PEF than pa-tients with montelukast ,the incidences of adverse drug reactions had no statistically significant difference .The patients with inhaled corticosteroids combined with montelukast had a better effect in FEV 1% or PEF than patients with inhaled corticosteroids only . Conclusion The effect of inhaled corticosteroids is better than montelukast ,the effect of inhaled corticosteroids combined with montelukast is better than inhaled corticosteroids only ,and has drug safety .

Recomendaciones para el manejo de la crisis de asma

El manejo de la exacerbación de asma depende de la gravedad de la misma por lo que es recomendable clasificar la gravedad de la crisis ya que las dosis y la frecuencia de administración de los medicamentos se modificarán en relación con la gravedad y con la respuesta al tratamiento. Proponemos cambios en el manejo del paciente asmático en el cuarto de urgencias. Para lograr una implementación exitosa es necesario conocer y entender los conocimientos y actitudes de los grupos involucrados en el cambio propuesto y anticipar y determinar las barreras potenciales antes y durante la implementación del cambio. En este proceso de preparación debe participar un equipo multidisciplinario antes de adoptar las nuevas medidas.

The management of asthma exacerbations depends on its severity, for this reason it is important classify the severity of the acute asthma attack because the frequency of drugs administration should be adjusted according to severity and to the patient's response. We propose changes in the treatment of the asthmatic children at the emergency department. In order to achieve a successfully implementation it is important to understand the knowledge and attitudes of the groups involved in the proposed change and identifying, anticipating, and addressing potential barriers before and during the implementation of the change. A multidisciplinary team must participate in this process before adopting the new strategy.